Emergency Medical Services

“The dilemma in the fire/EMS protection is cultural. Everyone expects an immediate, massive response when they dial 9-1-1, fire trucks paramedics, ambulances, planes, overhead, bulldozers, etc. The level of service in a community is linked to its financial ability and desire to provide resources.”

-Reorganization of the Napa County Fire Department
2011-2012 Napa County Grand Jury

200th Graduation J. Michael Criley Paramedic Training Institute, (March 29, 2007), El Camino Community College

2017 EMS Trend Report, Reveling changes in clinical care, finance and use of technology, (2017), National EMS Management Association and Fitch and Associates

Fitch, et al., 2016 EMS Trend Report, The forces shaping the present and future of EMS in the U.S., (2016) Fitch & Associates in partnership with the National EMS Management Association.

Williams, A Tragedy of the Commons, A Review of our Emergency Medical System, (2013), Michael S. Williams Security Systems, Inc., ISBN: 13:978-0-615-71640-4

Committee on Trauma and Committee on Shock, Division of Medical Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society, (1966), National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council

Williams, Advanced Life Support Skill Deterioration Among Paramedics in Low Call Volume Emergency Medical Service Systems, (October 2009), Mount Weather Fire Department, Mount Weather, Virginia

Cummings, Ambulance Augmentation Staffing Reconfiguration, (May 39, 2013), Los Angeles Fire Department, Board of Fire Commissioners: 13-069R

Ambulance System Issues Review and Analysis of Options Monterey County EMS Agency, Final Report, (September 24, 2013) Citygate Associates, LLC

Brill, Bitter Pill, Why Medical Bills Are Killing Us, (February 2013), Special Edition Time

Salvucci, BLS, EMT Optional Scope, and ALS Treatment Protocols, (May 2012), Santa Barbara County Public Health Department

California Emergency Medical Services Personnel Programs, 4th Revision, (2001), Emergency Medical Services Authority, California Health and Human Services Agency, EMSA #131

California Public Health Medical Emergency Operations Manual, (July 2011), California Department of Public Health, Emergency Medical Services Authority

Circulation, Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2010 Update, (2010), American Heart Association

Coalition Stresses Importance of Fire Service Based EMS, (nd), Fire Service-Based EMS Advocates

McMinn and Hutchings, Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, (1977), ISBN: 0-8151-5823-8

Meyer, Community Paramedicine, (December 2014), California Emergency Medical Services Authority

Kizer, et al., Community Paramedicine: A Promising Model for Integrating Emergency and Primary Care, (July 2013), UC Davis, Institute for Population Health Improvement

Backer, et al., Compendium of Statutes and Regulations Related to EMT and Paramedic Scope of Practice During Mutual Aid in California, (December 2011), Emergency Medical Services Authority, California

Bailey and Sweeney, Considerations in Establishing Emergency Medical Services Response Time Goals, (2003), Position Paper National Association of EMS Physicians, Prehospital Emergency Care, July/September 2003, Volume 7/Number 3

Lemonick, Controversies in Prehospital Care, (2009), American Journal of Clinical Medicine, Winter 2009, Volume 6, No. 1.

Heartsaver, CPR A Comprehensive Course for the Lay Responder, (2000), American Heart Association, ISBN: 0-87493-317-X

CPR/AED for the Professional Rescuer, 3rd Edition, (2006), American Red Cross, ISBN: 1-58480-304-5

CPR and First AId – A Rescuer’s Complete Guide to Emergency Response, (2006-2007), EMS Safety Services, Inc., ISBN: 978-0-9796966-3-3

Department of Health and Human Services, et al., v. Florida, et al., 11-398, United States Supreme Court

Limmer, et al., Emergency Care, 11th Edition, (2009), Pearson Prentice Hill, ISBN: 13: 978-0-13-500523-1

Limmer, et al., Emergency Care, 13th Edition, (2016), Pearson Prentice Hill, ISBN: 13: 13-978-0-13-402455-4

Limmer, EMR Complete A Workbook, (2011), Pearson, ISBN: 10: 0-13-503771-9

Emergency Medical Response in Orange County, (2013), 2011 – 2012 Orange County Grand Jury

Emergency Medical Services Agenda for the Future, (August 1996), U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Health Resources & Services Administration, DOT HS 808-441 NTS-42

Department of Emergency Medical Services, Emergency Medical Services, EMS and Manage Care, Monograph 5th Edition, (1997), International Association of Firefighters, AFL-CIO, CLC, ISBN: 0-94920-26-0

Blackwell, et al., Emergency Medical Services Evidence-Based System Design White Paper for EMSA, (July 2011), Emergency Medicine, University of Oklahoma

Emergency Medical Services Plan, (May 2006), Santa Barbara County Public Health Department, Emergency Services Agency

Emergency Medical Services, The National EMS Scope of Practice Model, Final Draft 4.0, (nd), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Emergency Response, (2001), American Red Cross, ISBN: 0-8151-1260-2

EMS Implementation Guide, Emergency Medical Services Agenda for the Future, (nd), U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 808 711

EMS Systems Design and Function, California Fire Service EMS Position Paper, (September 1994), California State Firefighters Association and the California Fire Chiefs Association

Oliver and Mossialos, Equity of Access to Health Care: Outlining the Foundations for Action, (2004), London: LSE Research Online

Every Second Counts. Every Action Matters. A Community Response Planning Guide for Sudden Cardiac Arrest, (2011), Heart Rescue Project, Medtronic, Inc.

Federal Inter-agency Committee on EMS, FICEMS Five Year Strategic Plan, (Dec. 2013)

Giesler, Fire and Life Educator, (2011), Delmar, Cengage Learning,
ISBN: 13: 978-0-13-172-084-8

Fire Service in the New Healthcare Environment, “Welcome to the Real World,” (nd), Medstar and the California Fire Chief’s Association

First Aid/CPR/AED for the Workplace, (2006), American Red Cross, ISBN: 1-58480-341-X

Fireline Emergency Medical Technician, (2000), FIRESCOPE, ICS 223-10

Fireline Emergency Medical Technician, (January 2014), FIRESCOPE, ICS 223-10

Fireline Emergency Medical Technician – Paramedic, (May 16, 2011), FIRESCOPE, ICS 223-11

Fireline Paramedic, (June 2013), FIRESCOPE, ICS 223-11

Florida, et al., v. Department of Health and Human Services, et al., 11-400, United States Supreme Court

Funding Alternatives for Emergency Medical and Fire Services, (April 2012), Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, U. S. Fire Administration, FA-331

Metro, Impact of the Affordable Care Act on America’s Fire Service, (May 17, 2013), Los Angeles County Fire Department

Shaler, The Individual Study of Life and Death, (2007), Kessinger Publishing, LLC,
ISBN: 13: 978-0548021194

Institute of Medicine of National Academies, Future of Emergency Care, Emergency Medical Services at the Crossroads, (2007), Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System, Board on Health Care Services, The National Academies Press, ISBN: 13: 978-0-0-309-10173-8

Institute of Medicine of National Academies, Future of Emergency Care, Hospital-Based Emergency Care at the Breaking Point, (2007), Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System, Board on Health Care Services, The National Academies Press, ISBN: 13: 978-0-0-309-10173-8

Health Care, States Assume Leadership Role in Providing Emergency Medical Services Report, (1986), U.S. General Accounting Office, GAO/HRD-86-132, 131470.

Independent Financial Review of Elements Related to the County’s Ambulance RFP, County of Contra Costa, (July 15, 2015), Citygate Associates, LLC

Picard, Master Plan Emergency Medical Service Element, (March 12, 1984), Orange County Fire Chief’s Association

Multi-Casualty Incident Response Plan 2013, (Aug. 22, 2013), Santa Barbara County Emergency Medical Servcies Agency

National EMS Scope of Practice Model, (September 2006), U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 810 657

Becker, The Denial of Death, (1973), The Free Press, ISBN: 13: 978-0-684-83240-1

Innovation Opportunities for Emergency Medical Services: A Draft White Paper for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response and Health Resources and Services Administration, (July 15, 2013), National Traffic Safety Administration

National EMS Research Agenda, (December 31, 2001), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Maternal Child Health Bureau, Grant: DTN 22-99-H-05100

National Federation of Independent Businesses, et al., v. Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services, et al., No. 11-393, United States Supreme Court

Fraker, et al., Northwest Fire District Final Report, (April 2008), Eller MBA, The University of Arizona

Kubler-Ross, On Death and Dying, (1969), Scribner, ISBN: 0-684-84223-8

Operational Analysis of EMS & Fire Deployment/Response Pinellas County – Draft, (May 28, 2013), Fitch & Associates, LLC

Operational Analysis of EMS & Fire Deployment/Response Pinellas County, (July 2, 2013), Fitch & Associates, LLC

Ronny J. Coleman, Orange County Cardiac Arrest Survival Study, (July 1991), Orange County Health Care Agency -EMS, Office of Policy and Planning Coordination/Research and Data Management, Orange County Fire Chief’s Association, Inc. and Paramedic Coordinator Section

Pratt, et al., Prehospital 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Response, The Role of the United States Fire Service in Delivery and Coordination, (2007), Fire Service-Based EMS

Position Statement Fire Based Emergency Medical Services, (May 7, 2009), International Fire Chief’s Association

Delagi, et al., Quality Improvement for Prehospital Providers, Version 1,(March 2007), New York Emergency Medical Services Council, New York State Department of Health, Bureau of Emergency Medical Services

Kubler-Ross, Questions and Answers on Death and Dying, (1974), Touchstone, ISBN: 0-684-83937-7

Moore-Merrell, et al., Report on EMS Field Experiments, (September 2010), Firefighter Safety and Deployment Study, DHS/FEMA Grant Program Directorate for FY 2009, Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program – Fire Prevention and Safety Grants,
EMW-2008-FP-01603

Report to the Community, (2011), American Medical Response- Santa Barbara

Blackwell, Kaufman, Response Time Effectiveness: Comparison of Response Time and Survival in an Urban Emergency Medical Services System, (April 2002), Academic Emergency Medicine, Volume 9, Number 4

Brand, et al., Rural and Frontier Emergency Medical Services Agenda for the Future: A Service Chief’s Guide to Create Community Support of Excellence in EMS, (nd), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Office of Rural Health Policy, 250-03-0022

Santa Barbara County Community Report, (2012), American Medical Response

Watson, et al., Shaping the Future of EMS in California, Vision Conference Summary: Continuing The Vision Process, (1999), Commission on Emergency Medical Services

Riley, Strategic Transition to a Fire Based EMS System Managing the Effect on the Human Side, (June 2001), National Fire Academy, Executive Fire Officer Program

Cook, Study of Emergency Medical Services Agency of Orange County, (October 17, 1984), Donald Cook Associates, Ltd.

Chapleau, et al., The Paramedic, (2012), McGraw-Hill Higher Education, ISBN: 978-0-07-767388-2

PA Consulting Group, Third Party Deployment of Fire Resources Study – Los Angeles Fire Department, (March 3, 2014), Miguel A. Santana City Administrative Officer – Office of the City Administrative Officer

Stratton, Triage by Emergency Medical Dispatchers, (1992), Prehospital and Disaster Medicine; July – September 1992; Vol. 7, No. 3

Munk, Value Generation and Health Reform in Emergency Medical Services, (2012), Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, April 2012

Updated 6 January 2019

“The dilemma in the fire/EMS protection is cultural. Everyone expects an immediate, massive response when they dial 9-1-1, fire trucks paramedics, ambulances, planes, overhead, bulldozers, etc. The level of service in a community is linked to its financial ability and desire to provide resources.” -Reorganization of the Napa County Fire Department 2011-2012 Napa County Grand Jury 200th […]

About the Author

Michael S. Williams

Michael S. Williams

Founder the Fire Services Training Institute

Williams founded the Fire Services Training Institute in 1995 to find solutions to the challenges confronting the volunteer fire service. He has been an active member of California State Firefighters Association (CSFA) since 1994, having served on the volunteer and public relations committees, and as a southern division deputy director. He sits on several local organizations including the Santa Barbara County Fire Safe Council, the Tri-Counties Training Officers Association, Santa Barbara Chapter of CAER and is a founding member of the Santa Barbara PIO group Emergency Public Information Communicators (EPIC). He has been the author of many articles and a columnist for a local newspaper on public safety matters. He is also the co-host of Community Alert on KZSB AM-1290 in Santa Barbara. Williams has been a member of the California State Board of Fire Services since 2008. Prior to becoming involved in the volunteer fire service, Williams was a California police officer for 12 ½ years and a POST certified Field Training Officer. He is a licensed private investigator and security consultant specializing in self-insured, government and insurance defense assignments.

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FSTI has provided training to the volunteer public safety community since 2006. It has been our mission to provide high quality training to firefighters while at the same time promoting community safety.

Fire Services Training Institute (FSTI) is a non-profit public benefit corporation with both state and federal tax exempt status.